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Parnassius epaphus
The common red Apollo, ''Parnassius epaphus'', is a high altitude butterfly which is found in India and Nepal. It is a member of the snow Apollo genus ''Parnassius'' of the swallowtail family, Papilionidae. This handsome butterfly is found from 9,000 to 13,000 ft from Chitral District to Sikkim and Western regions of Nepal. It is considered not rare.
==Description==
:''For terms used in the description see glossary of Lepidopteran terms''
Superficially this form closely resembles ''Parnassius jacquemontii'', but besides the structural differences of the anal pouch in the fertilized female, in markings it differs as follows:
Male Upperside, fore wing: the crimson black-encircled spots reduced to a minute subcostal dot in the black mark beyond the cell; the subhyaline terminal margin much narrower, with dentate white spots in the interspaces along the actual margin; cilia white, markedly alternated with black at the apices of the veins. Hind wing: the dusky black along the dorsal margin comparatively much broader, its inner border more irregular, deeply bi-emarginate, the crimson centre to the black mark above the tornal angle entirely absent. In no specimens that I have seen are the crimson spots centred with white. Underside: with the same glazed appearance as in ''jacquemontii''; markings as on the upperside, but on the fore wing the white dentate spots in the terminal row are larger, which give to the wing the appearance of having a subterminal as well as a post-discal transverse series of dusky-black lunules. On the hind wing the row of basal and the obliquely-placed pre-tornal spots are as in ''jacquemontii'' but of a duller shade, while as in that form all the crimson spots are broadly centred with white. Antennae differ from those of ''jacquemonti'' as they are conspicuously ringed with white. Female differs from the male in the dusky black markings on the upperside that are broader, especially the postdiscal series on the fore wing: this generally forms a diffuse band and so often restricts the lunules of the white ground-colour beyond it, blending as it does diffusely with the subhyaline terminal margin. Anal pouch of fertilized female differs conspicuously from that of ''jacquemontii'' female in the complete absence of the posterior high keel or carina.〔Bingham, C. T. 1907. Fauna of British India. Butterflies. Volume 2〕
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